The Correlation Between Economic Growth And The...

One of the most highly controversial topics of our time has been about the environment, whose quality is not indicated in the measure of GDP. Some scholars say that there is nothing wrong with our current natural ecosystem and that we should not worry, other scholars say that we should be more concerned about our environment today than we ever were. Many studies were done to validate both these hypotheses which left people divided, but it is always better to be safe than sorry. Economists have found the correlation between economic growth and the deterioration of our environment: â€Å"In the quest for high rates of GDP, the human cost of producing goods and services is not set against the market value of those items.† (Mahadea and Rawat, 2008). In other words, there is a constant trade-off between sustaining economic growth and maintaining the natural ecosystem. As stated earlier, producers are unwilling to give up their opportunity to gain more profits for the sake of sustai nability. We should understand the insignificance of overproducing and having a high GDP if in actuality the living conditions are not as good as the GDP depicts it. Economists D. Mahadea and T. Rawat investigated the relationship between economic growth and happiness in which they found that although being rich does make an individual happy, this extra income would not have the ability to purchase happiness once an income threshold is reached, especially in developed countries. They concluded thatShow MoreRelatedThe Reciprocal Relationship between Economic Development and Human Rights1218 Words   |  5 PagesThe Reciprocal Relationship Between Economic Development and Human Rights Recent years and the continued spread of globalization have illuminated a frequent connection between the process of economic development and the deterioration of human rights. 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The measure of output has become highly relevant today and it is treated as a ‘score’ between economies. Intuitively, the higher the output, the better. A nation’s output is measured as their gross domestic product, which takes into the account the spending of households, firms, governmentsRead MoreInstitutional Environment and Growth in Brazil6166 Words   |  25 Pagesresults 10 8 Conclusion 15 9 Bibliography 17 Introduction The prosperity and wealth of nations are closely linked with economic growth. Accelerating the development of economic growth in a sustained way is therefore one of the most important issues in economics. Economists have long used a variety of approaches to shed light on why some countries experience faster growth than others. In the vast amount of literature on the subject there are three schools that stand out in particular. First, thereRead MoreLong Term Development Policy Paper5988 Words   |  24 Pagespolicy is conditioning the behavior of investment decisions? Does the current policy deliver what stakeholders want in the future? What will the future facility infrastructure look like if nothing is changed? The criteria and factors involved require our model have key competences to capture the dynamics of investment decisions and the prevailing tendencies fundamental to the uncertainties policy makers confront. The system behavior must be revealed in a manner that specific policies could be analyzedRead MoreMeasuring Gross Income Data Is A Measure Of Economic Welfare1871 Words   |  8 PagesEvaluate the extent to which Gross Income Data is a measure of economic welfare. Morven Chan Economic welfare is defined as the level prosperity and financial satisfaction of participants in an economy. Economic welfare can often be assessed through statistics such as the level of employment. National income statistics is defined as the value of goods and services produced in an economic system over a period of time. National Income can be broken down into four different parts which include GrossRead MoreProgression vs Conservation-From the View Point of Third World Countries3064 Words   |  13 Pagesindustrial development and economic progression among third world countries in the 21st century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. Environment Debate,† n.d.) There seemingly appears to be conflict between the act of progressing in terms of development and conservation. Our world has been rapidly changing over the past decade. This is due to the fact that the Industrial Revolution took place towards the end of the 18th century, covering the span of the early 19th century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. Environment Debate,† n.d.) TheRead MorePhilippines Underdevelopment5539 Words   |  23 PagesCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION For more than years, Philippine is saddled with huge challenges on how to find a concrete strategy to cope up economic depression, mainly the main reason that analysts could see is the drastic population density that leads to various implications like poverty (the main symptoms of having overpopulation and every country’s problem that almost all cannot resolved), poor governance that results rampant corruption from public officials, colonial mentality also blocks progressionRead MoreThe Capital And Recurrent Expenditure On Human Capital Development3676 Words   |  15 PagesUzochukwu Uchechukwu (B.Sc) Email: uzlutus@yahoo.com Izilein, Elizabeth I. (Mrs) Ph.D Department of Economics and Statistics, University of Benin, Benin City Email: eiokojie@gmail.com, elizabeth.izilein@uniben.edu, eiokojie@yahoo.com ABSTRACT This paper seeks to compare and contrast various trends in the capital and recurrent expenditure on human capital development in Nigeria between the years 1981 and 2010. The data used for the study are from secondary sources: Central Bank of Nigeria

Malthus And Africa Free Essays

Africa, being a third world country with much economic oppression, is currently being debated in the General Assembly about whether or not it should have population control. Many experts believe that, if not controlled, the rate of the increasing population of Africa will have disastrous effects. Over two hundred years ago, a man by the name of Thomas Robert Malthus wrote an essay on the effects of population and the food supply titled  «An Essay on the Principle of Population. We will write a custom essay sample on Malthus And Africa or any similar topic only for you Order Now  » This essay dealt with the growth of population and if not restrained, how it would destroy man’s subsistence here on Earth (Geyer 1). Much of what he wrote applies to not only Africa, but also the entire world today. Currently, the population growth in the Western Nations is approaching zero. This means that each family is having 2. 1 children, enough to replace the current population. For North America to double, it would take one hundred years, for Europe, two hundred. But for Africa to double, it would take only twenty-four years. There are many factors as to why Africa, and many other third world countries, reproduces at such a rate. Lack of contraceptives, traditional values, high infant mortality, and poor education are a few of these actors (Duffey 2).  «It is a lot easier for a country to deal with its problems if it has less people, » says Brian Hailwel, who studies Malthus’s theories (Kolasky 1). Carl Haub who stated,  «It is almost impossible for a developing country to move from the Third World to the First World when their population is rising so rapidly » supports Hailwel’s statement. Malthus believed that the evolution of mankind existed in cycles. Good times occurred when there were high wages and good living conditions, which led to early marriages and rapid population increase. Then come the bad times. Disease, low ages, and epidemics lead to population decrease and a restored balance between population and resources. This cycle then repeats (Stundbia 4). He also felt that the Poor Laws, which attempted to support those whose incomes were too low to support themselves, were in the long run more harmful than helpful. This just leads to lower wages and families that can not support the children they already have bearing more. Many people seem to think that war, famine, and plague will help keep the world’s population restrained. These disasters are one of the two checks on the growth of population that Malthus identifies in  «An Essay on he Principle of Population.  » He called these two checks positive checks and preventative checks. Positive checks are famine, disease, and wars while preventive checks are celibacy, abortion, and late marriages. Africa participates very little in the second check Malthus identifies due to previously stated reasons. When Malthus wrote his essay, he did not take into account the impact technology would have on food production. Due to the  «Green Revolution » which brought about the tractor, refrigeration, chemical fertilizers, and genetic engineering, there was a tremendous increase in food production. Until the mid-eighties, food production kept up with population growth. Since then, it has been steadily declining. Grain production is declining due to soil erosion, waterlogging and salting of irrigated land, air pollution, water shortages, and overuse of land (Berntsen 3). Technological advances compensated for the loss of farmland. Even though less land can be used, more food is being produced. Unfortunately, there are many indications that the world is, at present, producing the maximum amount of food it is capable of. The combined effect of the loss of farmland and the peaking of yield er acre impose limitations. The same problem is in occurrence for the meat production. Nearly all of the world’s rangelands are in use. Seventy-percent of the world’s annual meat is range fed while the other thirty-percent is grain fed. The only room for growth is in the grain fed, and that is estimated to only grow another forty-two percent (Berntsen 2). Fish are also on the decline as a reliable resource for food. The destruction of spawning grounds and the use of mile-long nylon nets has caused the overharvesting of the ocean. A five- percent increase is optimistic (Berntsen 3). The result of the present being the peak in food production while the population is still growing is frightening. If food were to be distributed equally, the food supply would be ten pounds per week. Currently, Americans eat seventeen pounds of food per week. When the world population reaches approximately eleven billion in the year 2050, the food supply will be six to seven pounds per week, which is below the level of food people eat who live in poverty today (Berntsen 1). Malthus believed that three things cause the decline of living conditions: the overpopulation of young; the nability of resources to keep up with the rising human population; and the irresponsibility of the lower class (Simison 2). Malthus suggested a regulation on the size of families of the lower class to fight this. Tunisia, which is located in Northern Africa, has introduced birth control with remarkable results. If overpopulation is not checked, it leads to the crowding of people and the fight for food and water. This, in turn, leads to genocide and other means that are normally considered inappropriate as acceptable (Geyer 2). Equilibrium is what Malthus thought population should achieve. This is where the birth rate equals the death rate. When this is reached, wages will stay the same and any disturbances caused will have compensating changes (Stundbia 5). Malthus, who is credited for this idea, did not think the human population would ever achieve it. He figured that it would be exceeded, a positive check would result, and the cycle would start all over again. Taking Malthus’s theories into account, the only thing that will help Africa economically is for the population to be repressed. In fact, for the next generation or two, the reproduction level should be below the replacement rate. This dramatically decreases the population, therefore increasing the chances it has to grow and develop. If Africa’s population is not repressed, there will not be enough food to feed the people living there. Even First World countries will be unable to help, because they will need all the food they can produce. A gruesome famine will occur, with thousands dead. Africa will experience a major setback and may possibly never recover. I believe that much of Malthus’s theory is correct. Much of the data he used in the seventeen hundreds was incorrect, but his ideas still apply. The cycles he explained have proven to occur. Almost all of the world’s land that can be used is being used to produce the maximum yield. Scientists have predicted the world’s growth to reach eleven billion by the year 2050 if left unchecked. Many have also agreed that the maximum food supply is being produced. If countries such as Africa, whose population tripled from 1950 to today, do not curb their population growth, there will not be enough food to feed them, much less countries that are considerable better off economically. I also think that if Africa were to be educated and there was less oppression, the result would be lower population growth. The idea of allowing families to have only a certain amount of children is morally wrong. Some people seem to think that Malthus’s ideas are extinct and do not apply to the world today. They consider him and what he thought to be dead. But, as Pablo Neruda once said,  «Everything that is buried is not dead » (Geyer 1). He is still alive because his theories can still be applied to today. The consequences of not considering Malthus’s theory as a real threat are too great. For life to exist as we know it, population must be repressed. If not, man’s subsistence will be extinct. How to cite Malthus And Africa, Essay examples

Essay Obama Speech Essay Example For Students

Essay Obama Speech Essay Analysis and interpretation Obamas speech (Groundbreaking Ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial) Everybody is fighting for ones personal rights. Some believe that it is their right to oppress others. Finally, there are those who fight for the rights of others. Many leaders have tried to stop oppression but the minority has succeeded. Not many are being compared to Moses and even fewer are being celebrated at memorial services when its over forty years since one left us. Americas current President, Barack Obama, has his focus on one of the greatest orators in American history, in his peech at the Groundbreaking Ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial (2006). In the following, I will analyze and interpret Obamas memorial speech. My main-focus will be aimed at Obamas personal opinion about Martin Luther, and his use of similar rhetorical instruments as Martin Luther did. The main topic in Obamas speech is the struggle for freedom and equality of opportunity in America. He emphasizes this by making the speech focus on the activist Martin Luther, who according to the majority of Americas population is the definition of liberty. Since there are a lot of parallels between Martin Luther and the truggle for freedom, and that the struggle is an issue Obama also attaches great political importance to, it is obvious and a well-chosen subject he clarifies. His intention is not to rally support for a movement or to criticize the republican part of the government. Its simply a tribute to remind Martin Luther and his operations and to create a sense of community. Just as Martin Luther King Jr. did in his speech l have a dream. They both do it aware that a large community will go far. Obama presents the speech at the Groundbreaking ceremony of the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. National Memorial. Given that Obama and Martin Luther supports the same values, I could imagine that most, who attend the Martin Luther King memorial, are supporters of Obamas policies. Therefor it is an important day under great circumstances for Obama to show up and make socialistic supporters remember what he and they themselves are fighting to reach. Furthermore, Obama has the opportunity to create a sense of community, because the audience most likely is affected by the reminding of one of the greatest orators in American history Martin Luther King who also is one of the reasons why the American society has become as equalized as it is. In short, its a day where the financial crisis isnt the audiences main-focus. The language In Obamas speech at the National Ceremony is build of coordinating sentences with a small vocabulary and a small amount of loan words. This is because of the informal, relaxed circumstances and audience. Again his intention is not to convey supporters, its a speech in memory of a essential chapter of American History. I also assume that the small amount of loan words is due to the susceptible to a simple and straightforward vocabulary, which constitutes a clear message. Of course, it is a memorial ceremony and therefor a must that it appeals to ommon Americans. Even though the subject already has an emotional impact on the crowd, he makes use of the appeal form, pathos. He does this by being rather personal. He puts the whole speech up on the basis of his closest family. He expresses his personal view of Martin Luther by explaining how he would respond to her daughter if she asked about who Martin Luther King was. In addition, his using warm and personal words such as daddy, a lot of positive-loaded adjectives and being very describing. For example when it says and reading the quotes on the wall together as the water falls like rain. which is a situation everyone can imagine and dream up. In the speech Obama is using many of the same rhetorical devices as Martin Luther King Jr. id. Obama makes use of repetitions, which Luther did in his speech l Have A Dream. Obama says l imagine us walking down to this and I picture us walking beneath . This strengthens the message and creates a sense of community. He compares what Martin Luther did with Moses acts, which are an allusion and a reference that is already loaded with built-in emotion. Like Moses before him, he would never live to see the Promised Land. By using antithesis he is rawing our attention to different ways of seeing life land in which strength is defined not simply by the capacity to wage war but by the determination to forge peace. Through the use of these similar rhetorical instruments as Martin Luther King used, Obama establishes a direct line between Martin Luther King and himself in the struggle for freedom and equality of opportunity in America. Overall, the speech is a beautiful tribute in honor of Martin Luther King and his epochal operations a tribute that reminds the American population of a leader who stood up against inequality and segregation.

Joseph McCarthy Essay Research Paper Throughout the free essay sample

Joseph McCarthy Essay, Research Paper Throughout the early 1950? s, the state was profoundly engrossed in frights of a Communist coup detat. At a clip when America? s frights were at their really height, Joseph McCarthy, a Republican Senator from Wisconsin pushed America? s frights to an extreme. As a gambit to acquire himself re-elected, and to do America detest Communism every bit much as he did, the Senator devised a oblique strategy. McCarthy, while giving a address, held up a piece of paper and exclaimed, ? I have here a list of 57 known Communists who are presently employed by the U.S. State Department? ( Fried, 89 ) . A few yearss subsequently, McCarthy raised the figure of people on the list from 57 to 205. The reaction to McCarthy? s proclamation was absolute terror. Until that clip, the state had a sense of security. Now all peace of head was lost, and America wanted these people that were on McCarthy? s so called? Blacklist? ( Fried, 65 ) . We will write a custom essay sample on Joseph McCarthy Essay Research Paper Throughout the or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So began a long-run hunt by Congress to seek these persons. One group that was extensively looked at was Hollywood. By Joseph McCarthy mistreating his powers, he non merely destroyed many people? s lives, but he besides wronged the American populace. To get down with, the type of individual that Joe McCarthy was must be considered. McCarthy was a hardline Republican who played along rigorous party lines. By all considerations, he was an extremist or a reactionist. By keeping a piece of paper, and stating that the enemy who everyone feared was so close, McCarthy diminished all ideas that America was genuinely safe. The existent piece of paper was clean ; McCarthy had no composing on the paper at all. He knew that by stating the people of the U.S. that the enemy was so near, he could eventually see a war erected against Communism. He merely used the people? s aspirations and frights to do a mountain out of a molehill. Communism in America before McCarthy? s fiasco was merely a cant. Everyone knew about it, but no one of all time talked about it. The first cognition many American? s had of Communism came from Winston Churchill? s? Iron Curtain Speech? ( Matusow, 45 ) . Churchill fundamentally said in his address that the Soviet Unio n was forcing frontward a planetary Communist coup detat. And Churchill besides said that he believed, ? We should non allow such a force loose on the planet? ( Matusow, 46 ) . That was the first clip many American eyes were opened to Communism, and McCarthy made certain it was non the last. The full pandemonium that Senator McCarthy caused had become jointly known as? The Red Scare? ( Feuerlicht, 34 ) . McCarthy used this full? Red Scare? thought to hike his hopes for re-election. But an elective functionary is supposed to be a representative of the people. All McCarthy did was mistreat his power and draw the wool over the people? s eyes. McCarthy did non work for the benefit of the people. He merely worked for the benefit of himself. Next, the people whose lives McCarthy destroyed must be looked at. In the immediate wake of McCarthy? s address came many accusals. America wanted the people that McCarthy said were on his list. But when asked for the list, McCarthy said he lost it, and he could non retrieve which persons were on the list. But he said he did see some cardinal Hollywood figures on it. That was when the focal point shifted to all of Hollywood. If anyone thought that an histrion or actress seemed leery, they would merely get down chitchat about them. Finally, the particular Congressional commission appointed to look into the issue would hear of it. And when they did, they would convey the person in inquiry before Congress, and they would fundamentally rupture them apart. They would inquire them about their life styles, their fellow employees, and their friends. And so they would find if the person in inquiry were guilty or guiltless. But it truly made no difference if they were guiltless or non. Once they were brought before Congress, their callings were fundamentally ruined. Movie companies refused to engage them. They were afraid that the people would boycott any films they made, if they hired? Communist sympathisers? ( Matusow, 88 ) . And when the accused did acquire occupations, the people did non desire to travel see? Dirty Communist assholes? ( Fried, 67 ) . All these histrions and actresses worked for old ages to construct their reputes, and now Senator McCarthy stepped on every individual one of them. Finally, the manner the tests were conducted has to be looked into. When all these esteemed histrions and actresses were brought before Congress, they did non have a just test. Some persons were brought before Congress with perfectly no grounds against them. Congress overstepped its boundaries by puting people they knew had nil to make with Communism on the base. All that Congress wanted to make was look busy. So when they had no leads on anyone, they made them up. When a informant did non be, one cryptically appeared. They called some people merely to acquire them to advert other people. What was really traveling on was a elephantine cringle. Nothing was acquiring done. All they were truly making was indiscriminately picking people whose lives would be ruined. Most members of Congress knew it was a witch-hunt. That was when Arthur Miller came into the image. Miller himself knew a batch of the people involved in the tests. He was one time married to Marilyn Monroe, and he besides dir ected a few noteworthy movies. Miller found a high degree manner of knocking Congress. The Crucible was Miller? s word picture of what was traveling on in America at the clip. Miller wrote a drama in which the Salem enchantress tests of the 1600? s were brought to visible radiation. He straight compared the witch-hunts of the yesteryear, to the congressional proceedings of the present. It was a superb thought, until Congress called him in for oppugning. During the test, Miller made every effort to knock Congress and their handling of the proceedings. He was finally jailed. Once once more this is another illustration of how Joe McCarthy ruined the life of another guiltless individual. McCarthy had the full state in an tumult and all he had to state about it was? Vote McCarthy? ( Fried, 104 ) . In summing up, Joseph McCarthy ruined many lives and caused general terror in America. McCarthy was the type of individual that would make whatever it took to acquire what he wanted. By all agencies he was an self-seeker, and he merely disregarded the wake of anything he did. The people who had their lives destroyed in this full state of affairs lost old ages of work, fundss, household, and places. Many dark of slumber were lost over that Single blank piece of paper. Many callings were besides lost over that same piece of paper. And in McCarthy? s head, that piece of paper should hold said? chumps? . Merely since McCarthy played the full state for saps. It is astonishing how simple chitchat can go so much more. In most ways this state of affairs was indistinguishable to what happened in Salem. Congress conducted a modern twenty-four hours witch-hunt. The full state was left aghast and scared. They had more frights of an atomic bomb being dropped by the Soviet Union now so they of all time had before. In some ways, a bomb was dropped. McCarthy fundamentally dropped his ain bomb on the state when he held up that piece of paper.

Every AP Calculus AB Practice Test Available Free and Official

Every AP Calculus AB Practice Test Available Free and Official SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips One of the best ways to prepare for the AP Calculus AB exam, as well as stay on top of lessons in class throughout the year, is to take regular practice tests.Taking practice tests lets you estimate how well you’ll do on the AP exam, shows you the areas you need to focus your studies on, and helps you become more comfortable with the format of the AP exam. There are a ton of ABCalc practice tests available, however; not all of them are created equally. Taking a poorly written practice test can give you a false idea of what the real AP exam will be like and cause you to study the wrong things. You can avoid those problems by reading this guide to AP Calculus AB practice tests. I’ll go through every AP Calculus AB practice exam that’s available, tell you which are highest quality, and explain how you should use practice tests when preparing for the AP exam as well as throughout the year. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. Official AP Calculus AB Practice Tests Official practice exams (those developed by the College Board) are always the best to use because you can be sure they’ll be an accurate representation of the real AP exam. There are three types of official practice resources, and each is explained below. Complete Practice Tests The College Board has released two complete exams from prior administrations of the AP Calculus AB exam. The tests are from 1988 and 1998. The 1988 test has an answer key included; however, for some reason, the 1998 exam does not. The College Board provided answers for the free-response questions in a separate document, but there is no official answer key available for the 1998 exam's multiple-choice section. The answer key linked below is unofficial, but no one has publicly disagreed with any of the answers, so it’s highly likely that it’s correct. 1988 AP Calculus AB Released Exam 1998 AP Calculus AB Released Exam Answer Key for 1998 Multiple-Choice Questions Answer Key for 1998 Free-Response Questions Because these exams are from a while back, they both have some format differences compared to the current AP Calculus AB exam. The AP Calculus AB exam is 3 hours and 15 minutes long and has two sections. Both of these sections are divided into two parts.For reference, here’s the current format of the exam: Multiple-Choice Section 45 questions total 1 hour 45 minutes total Worth 50% of your total score Part A: 30 questions 55 minutes long No calculator allowed Part B: 15 questions 50 minutes long Calculator permitted Free-Response Section Six questions total 1 hour 30 minutes total Worth 50% of your total score Part A: Two questions 30 minutes long Calculator permitted Part B: Four questions 60 minutes long No calculator allowed You can only use a calculator for certain sections of the AP exam. Both released exams have the same total number of multiple-choice and free-response questions as the current exam. However, the 1998 test does not have separate parts for the free-response section, and students were allowed to use a calculator to answer all six questions. Neither the multiple-choice nor the free-response sections ofthe 1988 exam were separated into different parts, and students were allowed to use their calculator for the entire exam. The multiple-choice section was also only 90 minutes long, instead of 105 minutes. When you take these exams for practice, it’s not worth the time and effort needed to try and figure out which questions you wouldn’t be allowed to solve with a calculator today. Instead, take the tests with the calculator and timing rules that were in place when the tests were administered. These variations between current and past exams do mean that these two complete released exams don’t give quite as accurate a representation of the current AP exam as the complete released exams for other AP subjects do. However, they are still very useful because they cover the same content and are worded the same way as the current exam. Towards the end of this guide I’ll explain exactly how to use these resources and others. AP Calculus AB Multiple-Choice Sample Questions The College Board often reuses multiple-choice questions for multiple exams, so there are typically few official multiple-choice problems available for any AP exam, AP Calculus AB included. Besides the complete practice tests discussedabove, thereare no full official multiple-choice sections available, but you can check out these official sample questions for Calculus AB. (The questions start on page 5, and there are Calculus BC questions listed after the AB questions; be sure you’re not accidentally looking at those.)This document contains 16 multiple-choice problems, along with answers and the major skills each question tests. There are also two free-response questions. AP Calculus ABFree-Response Sample Questions Fortunately, there are more official free-response questions available and, since they are recent, they provide you with a very accurate idea of what to expect on the real exam. The College Board has released free-response questions from 2002-2017, along with scoring guidelines for each set of questions. These are a great resource, and you should definitely make use of them during your review. Khan Academy Resources Khan Academy has recently partnered with the College Board to provide study resources for the PSAT, SAT, and some AP exams. This includes study resources for AB Calc. On Khan Academy’s website, there are explanation videos for several dozen previously administered questions, both multiple choice and free response. These videos can be particularly helpful if you’ve gotten stuck on one of the official practice problems or if you just want to learn step-by-step how to solve a particular problem. Unofficial AP Calculus AB Practice Tests and Quizzes While not developed by the College Board, unofficial practice resources can still be very useful for your studying, particularly because there are so many resources available. For each resource listed below, I explain what is offered as well as how you should make use of the resource. They are roughly listed from highest quality to lowest quality. Barron’s Barron’s has a complete and free practice test that you can take in timed or untimed mode. The multiple-choice section will be automatically scored, and there are answer explanations for the free-response section so you can self-score. This is a high-quality practice exam with questions that have a similar format and cover the same topics as the real AP exam. You’ll definitely want to use it in your review (more on how to do that in the next section). Shmoop Shmoop is the only resource listed in this guide that requires a fee to access any of its resources. Paying its fee of $24.68 a month gets you access to a diagnostic exam, as well as eight complete practice tests and additional practice questions. It also gets to access to Shmoop’s study materials for other AP exams, as well as the SAT and ACT. Varsity Tutors Varsity Tutors has a collection of three diagnostic tests and 139 short practice quizzes, organized by topic, such as the chain rule and finding the second derivative of a function. Difficulty levels are also given for each of the quizzes. The diagnostic tests are 40-45 questions long (all multiple-choice). They pretty closely represent what questions from the actual AP exam are like, and, as a bonus, the score results show you how well you did in each topic area so you can focus your future studying on the areas you need the most work in. However, these diagnostic tests don’t have calculator and no calculator sections. Albert This site organizes quizzes into the three Big Ideas of Calculus AB, as well as more specific tags you can select (you don’t need to worry about the Series quizzes, that’s just for BC Calc). After creating a free account you can access their hundreds of practice questions (some of the more challenging questions require a paid account). Questions are ranked as easy, moderate, or difficult, they are not timed, and you see the correct answer (plus a detailed explanation) after you answer each question. GetaFive GetaFive offers 182 Calculus AB practice questions, along with 54 review lessons. This is more of an online review course rather than just practice questions, so the questions themselves are spread across the lessons, but if you’re looking for more in-depth explanations of topics, you may find it useful to watch the videos and then answer the accompanying questions. 4Tests This site has a 50-question multiple-choice test. The questions typically easier and more basic than those you’d find on the actual AP exam, but if you’re just starting your review or want to brush up on the basics, this can be a good resource to use. Free Test Online This site has four short quizzes, each 5-8 questions long, along with answer explanations. Two quizzes are multiple-choice, and two are free-response. The free-response questions are much shorter than what you’d encounter on the real AP exam, but you can treat them like slightly more involved multiple-choice questions. The quizzes aren’t long enough for an in-depth practice session, but, unlike many of the other practice materials linked here, they also separate the quizzes on whether or not you’re allowed a calculator. Analyze Math This is a 20-question multiple-choice quiz. The questions are a bit overly simplistic, and it’s not automatically graded, but if you’re just looking for a quick study session, this fits the bill. SparkNotes This is a short quiz, and, unfortunately, it’s not very high-quality. The questions are pretty basic and not nearly as complex or as in-depth as the ones you’ll find on the AP exam. Additionally, the format of this quiz is very poor, and it can be difficult to read. I wouldn’t recommend using this quiz unless you’re really desperate for review questions or you need a very basic quiz to get you started with your review. Want to get a perfect 5 on your AP exam and an A in class? We can help. PrepScholar Tutors is the world's best tutoring service. We combine world-class expert tutors with our proprietary teaching techniques. Our students have gotten A's on thousands of classes, perfect 5's on AP tests, and ludicrously high SAT Subject Test scores. Whether you need help with science, math, English, social science, or more, we've got you covered. Get better grades today with PrepScholar Tutors. How to Use These AP Calculus AB Practice Tests Knowing how to use each of these practice exams and quizzes will make your studying much more effective, as well as prepare you for what the real AP Calculus AB exam will involve. Below is a guide for when and how to use the resources, organized by semester. First Semester During your first semester of Calc AB, you don’t know enough material for it to be useful to take a complete practice exam. Therefore, you should spend this semester answering quizzes and free-response questions on topics you’ve already covered. You’ll probably want to begin answering practice questions about halfway through the semester. Free-Response Practice For free-response questions, use the official released free-response questions in the Official Resources section. Look through them to find questions you can answer based on what you’ve already learned. It’s best if you can take a group of them (up to six) together at a time in order to get the most realistic preparation for the real AP exam. It also helps to time yourself when answering these questions, particularly as it gets later in the year. On the real AP exam, you’ll have about 15 minutes to answer each free-response question, so try to answer practice questions under those same time restrictions. Multiple-Choice Practice For multiple-choice practice, take unofficial quizzes that letyou choose the subject(s) you want to be tested on. This will allow you to review content you’ve already learned and not have to answer questions on material you haven’t covered yet. The best resources for this are Albert and Varsity Tutorsbecause their quizzes are clearly broken up by specific subject. Sometimes the numbers can get overwhelming. Don't forget to take a break every now and then. Second Semester Second semester is when you can begin to take complete practice exams and continuing to review content you’ve learned throughout the year. Step 1: Take and Score Your First Complete Practice Exam Early on in this semester, when you have covered a majority of the content you need to know for the AP exam, take your first complete practice exam. This test should be taken in one sitting and with official timing rules (see how the AP test is formatted above). For this first practice test, I recommend using the Barron’s exam and saving the official practice exams for down the line. After you take this practice test, correct the exam and see what score you earned on the test. This is a good time to set a score goal if you haven’t already. The minimum score you should be aiming for is a 3, since this is the lowest passing score. However, if you scored a 3 or higher on this first practice exam, it’s a good idea to set your goal score even higher, to a 4 or 5. Getting a higher score on the AP Calculus AB exam looks more impressive to colleges, and it can sometimes get you more college credit. Step 2: Analyze Your Score Results After you’ve figured out your score, look over each problem you answered incorrectly and try to figure out why you got the question wrong. As you’re doing this, look for patterns in your results. Are you finding that you got a lot of questions on antiderivatives wrong? Did you do well on multiple choice but struggled with free response? Did you get slowed down by questions you couldn’t use a calculator to answer? Figuring out which problems you got wrong and why is the best way to stop repeating your mistakes and begin to make significant improvements. Don’t be tempted to skip this step! Step 3: Focus Your Studying on Weak Areas You should now have a good idea of what subject areas or skillsyou need to work on in order to raise your score.If there are specific content areas you need to work on, review them by going over your notes, reading a review book, and answering multiple-choice and free-response questions that focus specifically on those topics. If you’re struggling with your test-taking techniques, for example, running out of time on the exam or misreading questions, the best way to combat these issues is to answer a lot of practice questions under realistic testing conditions. Take timed quizzes or time yourself for quizzes that aren’t automatically timed. (On the real exam, you’ll get about two minutes for multiple-choice questions you can’t use a calculator to solve, a little more than three minutes for multiple-choice questions where you can use a calculator, and 15 minutes per free-response question.) Taking multiple practice quizzes and tests will help you become more familiar with the pacing needed for the AP exam. Step 4: Take and Score Another Practice Exam After you’ve identified your weak areas and spent time to improve them, it’s time to see how all your hard work paid off. Take and score another complete practice exam, timed and taken in one sitting. I’d recommend using either an official released practice exam or, if you want more recently-created questions, creating your own practice test by combining a set of unofficial multiple-choice questions (such as the Varsity Tutors or 4Testsexam) with a set of official free-response questions. If you choose the second option, you should have a total of 45 multiple-choice questions for the first part of the exam. As with the first test, this should be taken timed and in one sitting. When you take this second practice exam, remember that it won’t be formatted exactly the same way as the real AP test, wherethe multiple-choice and free-response sections will both be broken into two parts,only one of which you can use a calculator on. Step 5: Review Your Results to Determine Your Future Study Plan Now you’re able to see how much you’ve improved, and in which areas, since you took your first complete practice exam.If you’ve made improvements and have reached or are close to your target score, you may only need to do some light studying from now until the AP exam. However, if you haven’t made much improvement, or you’re still far from your score goal, you’ll need to analyze the way you’ve been reviewing and think of ways to improve. The most common reason for not improving is not actively studying, butonly passively leafing through your notes or reviewing missed questions. Even though it may seem to take a while, in the long run, carefully analyzing why you made the mistakes you did and devising ways to improve is really the only significant way to raiseyour score. As you’re studying, be sure to really understand exactly where you made a mistake for every practice question you answer incorrectly. Also, when you’re reviewing notes, pause every few minutes and mentally go over what you just learned to make sure you’re really retaining the information. You can repeat these steps as many times as you need to in order to make improvements and reach your target score. Studying WithAP Calculus AB Practice Exams: Key Tips It would be difficult to score well on the AP Calculus AB exam without completing anypractice exams.Official resources are the best to use, but there are plenty of high-quality unofficial quizzes and tests out there as well. During yourfirst semester, you should focus on answering free-response and multiple-choice questions on topics you’ve already covered in class. During your second semester, follow these steps: Take and score your first complete practice exam Analyze your score results Focus your studying on weak areas Take and score another complete practice exam Review your results to determine your future study plan What's Next? Now that you have your practice tests, do you want to know more about the AP Calculus AB Exam? Our guide explains the complete format of the test, the question types you'll see, and how to best prepare for the exam. (coming soon) How many AP classes should you take?Get your answer based on your interests and your college goals. Wondering how challenging other AP classes will be? Learn what the easiest AP classesareand what the hardest AP classes are so that you're prepared! Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Australia’s Recent Economic Performance

The macroeconomic policies of a country are the most important policies and these policies play significant role in the economic growth of the company. These also decide the economic position of the country as well as decide the direction of the economy of the country. There are several different types of the macroeconomic policies and among them most important policies are fiscal policy, monetary policy as well as exchange rate policy (Barbieri and Pezzini, 2001). The fiscal policy of a country helps to allocate the budget of the country’s necessary development and other requisites. The monetary policies of the government help in allocating the fund in correct investment option so that the country can able to achieve the desirable economic growth. In addition to that the exchange rate policy helps the government to maintain the rate of domestic currency as compared to the standard international currency. In Australia the government put great emphasis on developing effective m acroeconomic policies in order to ensure the desirable high growth rate for the country (Brittle, 2010). This report is an attempt to analysis the macroeconomic policies of Australia, which help in improving the growth of the country.  Ã‚   The Australian Government has taken significant economic policies, which help the country to establish substantial growth for the country. The government of Australia has been at the front position for utilizing the fiscal policies in order to minimizing the macroeconomics effects of the financial crisis, which influence the global economy (De Menil, Portes and Sinn, 2008). The Australian Government can do so as the debt of the country is minute compared to the international standard. Even after many years of fiscal deficits, the net government debt is remaining lower than 10% of the GDP of the country. This compares positively with the debt ratio of the United Nations Government of around 70%. The country has implemented sustainable fiscal policies, that needs the debt of public does not enhance connecting to the GDP in long term. The gross domestic product of Australia has expanded up to 0.7% in December 2015, in comparison to upward revised 1.2% growth in previous quarter and the market consequences (Fender, 2012). The expenditure on consumption is positively contributed to the expansion, net exports and investment also contributed to the growth of GDP.   The growth of economy is around 3% by accelerating from the upward revised 2.8% in September quarter and thus beating the expectation. Therefore, it is considered to be the fastest growth since the third quarter of the year 2012. The growth rate of GDP in the country is around 0.88% from the year 1959 to 2015. The growth rate reached to 4.50% in the first quarter of the year 1976 and recorded low at the rate -2% in second quarter of the year 1974. The current economic performance of the country is good and is supported by high production level (Freebairn, 2003). It is also a significant contributor of the five sectors that is expected to drive the future global development: education, agribusiness, mining, wealth management, and tourism. The structural reforms of the government of Australia can face decade of deficits due to the increase in the spending on the older households. The repaying costs will fall on the younger households. The Australian GDP is seemed to be expanded for the last quarter of the year 2015 and it also seems to be upward rising in with the growth percentage of the 2.7 percent and thus the expectations are seemed to be fastening the expansions that are required for the proper enhancement of the resources for the utilisation of the resources in the Australia. The growth rate of the country Australia is enhanced at the third quarter of the 2012 whose GDP annual growth is seemed to be fastening the expansion of at the rate of the 9 percent. Thus the bureau of the statistics also shows the growth of the economy in the country of the Australia also helps in the development of the economy of the country of the Australia. Thus the country Australia’s national GDP seems to be increasing at the next year of second year of at the low interest rate of the GDP and thus it also shows the growth of the -3.50 percent which also helps in the creation of the statistics of the Australian Bureau of the statistics (Abs.gov.au, 2016). The structural ref orms of the government of Australia can face decade of deficits due to the increase in the spending on the older households. The repaying costs will fall on the younger households. Hence,   the Australian economic centre seems to be dominated by the services sectors and thus it also helps in the increment of the success of the of the other sectors including the mining sectors that are require for the proper enhancement of the percentage at the rate of 13.5 % and thus it also helps in showing the key developments in the commodity of the exports and the imports and thus it also helps in the proper increment   of the investments in   the infrastructural services for the proper enhancement of the sectors data. Thus the Australian GDP also shows the actual values of the Australian GDP shows the historical and the forecasting of the economic calendars that are related to the new releases of the year.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, it would be difficult for the government of Australia for next ten years (Tawadros, 2016). Therefore, the commonwealth government is funding to adopt and implement new policies. Apart from this, government of Australia is still to respond the scale of the budget challenges. These challenges are difficult to overcome as the government does not have enough funds to purchase the reform. The sustainability of economy depends on the government policies (Friedman, 2000). The policies implemented by the government are reducing the superannuation tax, changing the capital gain tax and the negative gearings,   introducing broad property levy and broadening the goods and service tax.   The country has significant economic policies, which help substantial economic growth of the country. The GDP of the country is stable from the last several years as well as improved substantially in last few years.   a). The companies providing incentive for work to the employees and innovation via reduction in organization and income tax might constrain the desired policy setting and outcomes. The strategies can affect the policy setting of the country (Relative fiscal capacities of the States 2006, 2006). The government can have a significance influence on incentives that affects investment, innovation and taking decisions whether the workforce should participate or not and all the drivers for development. The incentives are influenced by disciplines imposed by the competitive markets. The reduction in the income tax can affect the income source of government (Gruen, 2005). The approach of the government to the fiscal policy is significant to imparting credibility and certainty to the market through application of the macroeconomic policies. The creditability policy contributes to the reduced uncertainty and thus creating more attractive business environment. The disciplined fiscal policy with credibility over medium terms allows the business to make decision regarding investment with greater confidence. The rates of payments which include their adequacy should be balanced against the impacts on the incentives for the employees to get off the welfare (Gruen, 2005). Therefore, the economic policy settings through the welfare and tax system impact on the work incentives and it should be frame in such a way that avoids the discouragement of employees.  Ã‚   When the government of the country reduced the income tax rate along with the tax for the companies, the government do so for promoting the business activities of the countries. When the income tax reduced for the individuals of the country the citizens have more money and they can expense more thus, the cash flow in the market is increasing and there is more liquid money in the market so the growth of the market is increasingly increased and from the growth rate of the market the economy of the country use to be booste d significantly. In case of reducing tax for the companies the companies have more liquid money, which the companies can invest in the future development of the companies and it help in prospectus growth and development of the country and its economy. The economy is boosted by these particular novel policies, which is different from the traditional economic policies. By these economic policies the government of country use to take substantial risk as by this policy the taxation income of the country will be reduced and the wealth of the country will be reduced initially but at the same time it open huge potentiality of growth and economic development of the country. The policy of reducing income tax and the company tax is innovative taxation policy of the government of the country that substantially help the country to improve its economic growth and development. At the time when the countries, in order to encourage the investment and growth of the companies of the country reduce the income tax rate as well as company taxes, which lead to deficit in the budget as the tax collection from the income tax Act of the countries as well as from the others taxes which are levied to the companies performing their business activities within the constituency of the country. By reducing the taxes the wealth collecting from the taxation will be reduced initially, however, it encourage the companies within the country to do more investment as well as this policies encourage the companies to do expansion for the growth and development of the company (Gumus, 2011). Therefore, in order to proceeding expansion the companies have to use several government facilities and have to provide taxes for availing the facilities and so that the taxation wealth of the country will be increased. Besides this, it helps in the growth of the market as due to this policy of go vernment to reduce company and income tax the market use to be growing substantially (Nagel, 2000). Moreover, in this way the economy of the country will be growing. In case of reducing the income tax, the taxpayer citizens of the country will get more money in their hand so they incline to buy more or they use to expense more in this case the market use to grow substantially (ItoÃÅ'„ and Rose, 2008). Therefore, by the help of this policy the government can be able to improve the economy of the country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   b). When the central bank of the country takes initiatives for lowering the interest rate, it plays significant role stimulating the economic activities within the country as several organizations use to take finance from the banks in order to improve their business activities so that the companies can be able to establish desirable growth and development (Kincaid and Shah, 2007). The decrease in the interest will help in the development of the economic activity of Australia. The price growth can also be controlled of the houses so that the middle and low income group family can afford for the houses. Therefore, the affordability of the houses can be improved with the lower rate of interest and decreasing the rate of price of the houses. It has been concluded that the housing policy in the country is inappropriate that affected the housing affordability of lower income and middle income group of the people. It has been forecasted that the rise in the price of the houses imposes negat ive impact on the people of the country. The decrease in the rate of interest of the houses will encourage the lower and middle income group of the people. The increase in the rate of interest and decrease in the   price of the houses will enable to afford houses. The tax amount should be reduced and the combination of the Negative gearing and capital gain tax has contributed problems to the affordability of the houses all across the country. The decrease in the interest rates and price of the houses will help to increase in the investment in houses and attracts more number of investors towards purchasing of houses in the country. The complexities in the changes in the price of the houses have created difficulties in front of the government of the country. However, decrease in the rate of interest and decrease in the principle price will increase the affordability of the houses among the investors and other people. In the following policy banks play an important role as they provi de loan to the people for different purposes as well as for the housing in the country.   The policies and factors should help in the growth and appropriate development of the country.                Therefore, in case of lowering interest rate by the central bank of the country a boom in the market can be evident as the economic activities by the companies use to be improved substantially by the governmental policy of the country. At the time, when the price of the housing is growing the lowering in the interest rate help in improving the affordability of the housing as the customers of the housing can obtain the house in lower rate of interest and thus the tendency of buying a new house will be increased and maximum number of people incline to buy new house thus, a boom can be evident in the real estate industry (Monacelli and Perotti, 2010).   The government of Australia should undertake reforms on the spending and revenue side. The government is focusing on cutting down the spending. The government has reduced the budget for the foreign aid and the savings have been proposed for primary care, welfare through the changes in arrangement in the benefits and eligibility threshold and primary care. The revenue measures can help the government to improve the budget deficit and other policies.      Ã‚  Ã‚   Barbieri, S. and Pezzini, M. (2001).  OECD territorial reviews. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Brittle, S. (2010). Ricardian Equivalence and the Efficacy of Fiscal Policy in Australia.Australian Economic Review, 43(3), pp.254-269. De Menil, G., Portes, R. and Sinn, H. (2008).  Economic policy. [Oxford]: [Blackwell]. Fender, J. (2012).  Monetary policy. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Freebairn, J. (2003). Economic policy for rural and regional Australia.  Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 47(3), pp.389-414. Friedman, B. (2000).  Monetary policy. Cambridge, MA.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Gruen, D. (2005). The Evolution of Fiscal Policy in Australia.  Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(4), pp.618-635. Gruen, D. (2005). The Evolution of Fiscal Policy in Australia.  Oxford Review of Economic Policy, 21(4), pp.618-635. Gumus, I. (2011). Exchange Rate Policy and Sovereign Spreads in Emerging Market Economies.  Review of International Economics, 19(4), pp.649-663. ItoÃÅ'„, T. and Rose, A. (2008).  International financial issues in the Pacific Rim. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Kincaid, J. and Shah, A. (2007).  The practice of fiscal federalism. MontreÃÅ' al: Published for Forum of Federations = Forum des feÃÅ' deÃÅ' rations and iacfs by McGill-Queen's University Press. Monacelli, T. and Perotti, R. (2010). Fiscal Policy, the Real Exchange Rate and Traded Goods*.  The Economic Journal, 120(544), pp.437-461. Nagel, S. (2000).  Handbook of global economic policy. New York: Marcel Dekker. Relative fiscal capacities of the States 2006. (2006). Canberra, A.C.T.: Commonwealth Grants Commission. Tawadros, G. (2016). Asymmetric monetary policy rules in Australia.  Applied Economics, pp.1-15.9-24-14 [Accessed 29 May 2016].

Integrated Project Management Tools Research Paper

Integrated Project Management Tools - Research Paper Example At the project’s starting stage, the project is explicitly and clearly defined. The scope of the project and its purpose are defined, and a benchmark for the expected final product is set. The time and resources required for completion of the project are allotted. Resolving problems encountered during the project and controlling the product quality are the main activities of a project’s control stage (Bainey, 2004). This stage oversees the completion of most of the work, and it is during this stage that most of the project’s time is consumed. The project’s closure level involves officially ending the project and providing any useful tips applicable to other projects. Any outstanding work that requires completion is done in this stage. The Project Manager is responsible for managing the basic factors of a project simultaneously; these include time, scope, resources, and money (Schwalbe, 2010). These four elements work hand in hand, and for the project to be a success, these elements must be managed together. In a bed and breakfast project, the resources include equipment, funding, people, facilities, or materials. Management Tools Work Authorization System This is a method used in hand with project management. The project manager together with his designees uses the work authorization system to sanction all project work during a project management. Work authorization procedures show the person responsible for authorizing activities to be completed and how those authorizations may be achieved (Schwalbe, 2010). These procedures include documents that must be filled before initializing any work, and the possibilities of any prerequisites. In order to facilitate the efficiency of project management in bigger projects, work authorization systems detail the timeline of the project. For example, the work authorization system might show when some parts of the project should end, by whom and in which order (Bainey, 2004). For a bed and breakfa st project to be successful, work authorization is an effective tool. Project Status Report It is a regular, official report on a project progress against the plan of the project. Its purpose is to efficiently and effectively communicate the project status at regular intervals. In addition, it can be utilized in providing a documented history of a project. Objectives of a status report include communication of the project progress, simplifying the mode of collecting and distributing project information, improving passing of information within the project, and improving organizational support of the project. A good, consistent project status report prevents a project from missing completion deadlines by keeping the project on the early-start and early-finish schedule. Being alert of the start and completion dates during a project increases the chances for the project being successful. A project status reporting is a function that is performed throughout the project (Barkley, 2006). S cheduling System A scheduling system is a form of a tool used to build an integrated project management system. A good scheduling system should aid in achieving the best end results in a bed and breakfast project. The project manager should ensure that the scheduling system

Dissemination evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Dissemination evidence - Essay Example Consequently, it will contain elaborately detailed nursing experience and nursing workplace value, concise topic and audience as well as definite publishers (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012). Elaborately simple guidelines of the use of screening tools which will be presented in laminated posters will ensure that mother, the key stakeholder, are proficient in the identification of symptoms of postpartum depression (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012). The communication between mothers and nurses will play a substantial role in enhancing the knowledge adoption by mothers as the nurses will elaborate on the precise use of the various tools of screening PPD to the mothers. The knowledge presented from the research will be communicated to the larger nursing community through two channels. First, there will be a publication of the knowledge gathered by the research in a single publication which will be published at the American Nurses Association. This will enhance the access to this knowledge by nurses thus advancing its benefit to the nursing community. Secondly, quality improvement articles will be useful to communicate effectively to specific nurses in different geographic locations which have different culture that need specialized knowledge and skill in order to identify symptoms of postpartum depression in them. In common, these two channels of communication will contain the key measures and strategies for improvement of efficacy of early detection and intervention of postpartum depression (Logsdon, Eckert, Beck & Dennis, 2012). In addition, they will present the impacts of the change and next steps planned to overcome the barriers to early detec tion and intervention of postpartum depression. Logsdon, M. C., Tomasulo, R., Eckert, D., Beck, C., & Dennis, C. L. (July/August, 2012). Identification of mothers at risk for postpartum depression by hospital-based perinatal nurses. Mcn. the American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing, 37,

The Reformation Essay Example for Free

The Reformation Essay Gabriel Mà ¼tzenburg in his article Calvin and the Swiss Reformers ( p442 The Lion Handbook of Christian Belief) says that :- The Reformation was a reawakening. It was not basically an attempt at theoretical speculation and research. It was experience. Long before the well known reformers Martin Luther and John Calvin came along there had been criticism of the church. In 1378 there came the great Schism , one of the results of which was that Christians saw for the first time that it was possible to go to war against someone whom others saw as the true Pope. In 1418 the church was united under one pope once more, but damage to papal authority had been severe. Authority was too centralized and the granting of benefices had come to depend much more on the petitioner involved rather than the needs of the faithful church members. John Huss, a Bohemian, had been burned at the stake in 1415 for his opposition to the church when he taught that ordinary men and women could , by living virtuous lives, be more truly priests than some ordained to that position. His followers turned away from shrines and worship of the crucifix as being merely manmade rather than worthy of true worship. According to McNair in his article ‘Seeds of Renewal’ the problem had been building up for at least one hundred years. The church was seen as too rich, when many church goers were poor. The sacraments of baptism, marriage and funerals were considered essential by the church, but these processes were expensive for those who wanted them. There was corruption both in individual priests, even popes, and in the system as a whole, where corruption was condoned. In the upper ranks of the clergy many were worldly and ambitious, and had little time to spare for such tasks as the care of souls while the lower ranks contained those who were idle and ignorant. These were the facts in the late middle ages. This criticism came from within the church and what was wanted was reform. However this eventually led to the outright rebellion we now call the Reformation. Not that the church was wholly corrupt, there was much good work going on, but from this distance in time it is difficult to perceive the piety and goodness that was also present. Having said that many bishops and abbots were also secular rulers and this became the dominant feature of their lives in lots of cases. The church at this time was under other threats to its stability in the form of attacks from the Muslim Turks and from the Black Death, both of which occurred from the mid-fourteenth century and were seen by many as God’s punishment for the failings of the Catholic church. Another important development was the rise of the Devotio Moderna movement. This was a form of spiritual revival in the church of Northern Europe which concentrated upon personal involvement and social action. I t consisted of groups of men and women who lived together in poverty and obedience, but without taking any form of vows. In this group ordinary working people found that they could express their religious life. Thomas à   Kempis was a member of one such collective. They modelled themselves on the example of the apostles. The teaching of this movement, freely available to all who could read, prepared the way for the Reformation of the church. People at the time had a very real fear of punishment that they believed they would receive in Purgatory, for the church taught that before ascending to heaven the soul must be cleansed of every sin. At the same time they accepted the authority of the Pope as having been handed down through Christ to St Peter and his successors. But the Pope and his church taught that those who sinned in life would spend many years in Purgatory before they reached Heaven. It is no wonder that they sought Indulgences – a means on earth to reduce their time in Purgatory. Johann Tetzel was sent to Germany to sell indulgences in 1516. According to the theology of the time an indulgence was remission of punishment for sin – the sinner confesses and receives absolution. In October 1517 Martin Luther wrote to his local archbishop complaining about the sale of such indulgences. He enclosed what became known as the 95 theses – a series of scholarly arguments about the practices then current in the church. When he nailed these same theses to the door of Witternberg church it was a symbolic act of protest. This was not so much an act of rebellion as a plea for reform from within. Luther felt that forgiveness was God’s prerogative, not that of men to be bought and sold. What he wanted was a deepening of spirituality within the church. He is quoted by James Atkinson in The Lion book of Christian Belief ( page 439) as saying ‘I simply say that true Christianity had ceased to exist among those who should have preserved it – the bishops and scholars.’ He eventually came to feel that the Reformation was much more than a protest against corruption, but a battle for the truth of the Gospel. So important was this to him that he stated that he would give up every point to the Pope, if only the Pope affirmed the truth of the Gospel and in particular the doctrine of justification by faith i.e. that Christ’s own goodness is imputed to believers and on this ground alone do they receive salvation. Indeed he describes himself as, before this matter had arisen, as ‘one of the right frantic and raving papists’ in his book of 1545, ‘Doctor Martin Luther to the Christian Reader’. By criticizing the church on this one point, the sale of indulgences, he endangered the whole basis of the authority of the church. If it was wrong on this one point who could say on which other points it might also be wrong. Its riches for instance were not only in contrast to what the majority had, they were in contrast to what Christ had had, and with what he had taught. This idea of putting Christ first, rather than the works of men, rather weakened the power of the priest as mediator and weighed heavily against the systems of church at that time. Luther was urged to recant, but refused to do so and went into hiding at Wartburg, which is where he translated the whole New Testament in a very short time. The word quickly spread and in several countries of Western Europe the authority of the church came into question. Ordinary people who came to believe in this spiritual freedom of the individual also came to think that it might mean political freedom and took up arms to fight for such freedom in 1525. This time the secular as well as religious powers took up the arguments. Lay men, the princes and rulers of German states, were for the first time ready to clash with the church and eventually reject it altogether. According to ‘The Christian World’ p.172, historians have argued too that the new merchant class that had gradually emerged in the middle ages had no political role and needed to create one. New ideas, in particular humanistic ones, were going about which vied with the church’s dogmatic approach. Luther’s appeal to the Bible, to the will of God and to man’s individual relationship with God, led to steps that he would never have originally dreamt of. One of those steps was Calvinism, with its strict doctrines of election i.e. God has pre-ordained people for salvation. Another was the Puritanism that developed in England a little later, which according to the dictionary was a form of extreme moral vigour with an hostility to social pleasures and indulgences. Luther began a new translation of the Bible into German in 1517 despite the fact that Archbishop Berthold of Mainz had, in 1486, banned all unauthorized printing of sacred books in his diocese, as he felt that the German language was unsuited to the task., and that lay people, who did not have knowledge of the Latin and Greek needed to read the Latin and Greek Bible available, would not be able to understand the Bible anyway. When this new Bible became available many thought that if the Bible contained the word of God why should not its readers, the laity, decide for themselves about religious matters. Luther firmly believed in the importance of the scriptures being available to all. At night always carry in your heart something from Holy Scriptures to bed with you, meditate upon it like a ruminant animal, and go softly to sleep; but this must not be too much, rather a little that may be well pondered and understood, that you may find a remnant of it in your mind when you rise in the morning. As a result of such thinking for many private devotion became the centre of their Christian life, rather than the sacraments of the church. It served another rather different purpose as this common use of language eventually bought about a united Germany from the many tiny states then present. Over the next 25 years Luther produced many books in powerful and vivid German that could be understood by ordinary people. His translation of the Bible served to convince many that his arguments were sound. Protestant ideas spilled over into neighbouring states such as the cantons of Switzerland. One of these, Zurich, was where Ulrich Zwingli , 1484 – 1531, also led a campaign in opposition to indulgences. Although a Catholic priest he bought in Luther’s ideas and by 1523 the canton was the first Protestant state outside Germany. His theology was based on one principle, if something wasn’t in the scriptures then it should not be believed or practised. It was on this principle that he based his argument against indulgences. His theology involved a literal reading of the scriptures so that there could be only one meaning ascribed. It also meant that those practices which were contained in scripture were to be followed uncritically. It is on the basis of such thoughts that the first pilgrims set out for America and such ideas persist in society to this day. Zwingli was priest during a terrible attack of plague. I t bought him to believe that though his flock were in great physical danger from the disease they were in even greater danger because of their spiritual weakness. Luther was not Zwingli and there were differences in their beliefs. Luther was not willing to give up Catholic ceremonies and on the subject of the nature of the Eucharist they totally disagreed. Luther held to the Catholic view that the bread and wine literally became the body and blood of Christ whereas Zwingli held that it was merely a symbol. The Protestant churches tended to emphasise the spirituality of Christ and felt that this idea of actual body and blood over emphasised his humanity. This dispute led to Philip of Hesse, who wanted an alliance with Switzerland, calling the two together in 1519 at his Marburg castle. However the differences were irreconcilable and the reformed church , within a few decades, had split into dozens of tiny pieces. Zwingli was eventually killed in battle with those Swiss cantons who had decided to remain part of the Catholic church. John Calvin 1509 – 1564, a French man from Picardy, came along a little later. He went even further than both Luther and Zwingli, basing his theology on the total subservience of man’s will to that of God’s. God preordained, for his own glory and the display of His attributes of mercy and justice, a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. He arrived in Geneva in 1535, fresh from studies in the universities of France – studies that would have included new humanistic ideas. He was such a dedicated ascetic that eventually he ruined his health. Though still only a young man, he set about turning it into a city of God on earth. It was later described as ‘The Protestant Rome’ by Mà ¼tzenberg. After much persecution he was forced to flee to Basel, which is where he wrote his famous ‘Institutes of the Christian Religion.’, first published in 1536 and later expanded. This he addressed in a preface to King Francis I on behalf of the French Hugenots. It was this great work, added to throughout his life, that set Calvin up as a great leader. Calvin’s reforms meant that churches changed physically. The pulpit, where God’s word was declaimed, and applied to the life of the community became the centre of worship rather than the alter. There were three essential parts to their worship – baptism, preaching and the sharing of communion. Also in Switzerland at the time was John Oecolampadius from Basel, who was very determined upon the independence of the church from the state. He had some influence upon Calvin, but was closer to Zwingli. Calvin believed in marriage rather than clerical celibacy and married the widow of an Anabaptist. The Anabaptists were so named because of their practice of re-baptising those who had been baptised in infancy, when, as adults they confessed to a personal faith. They considered infant baptism as being invalid because the child concerned had no say in the matter. Luther on the other hand held that infants had hidden faith, just as adults were still saved when they were unconscious or asleep. Anabaptists were considered to be among the more radical of the dissenting groups. They saw the New Testament church as basically congregational and so urged that each group of believers be independent of the others and held that they should be totally free from state, either in the form of support or control. It seems that Calvin really treasured his wife and even considered her a helper in his ministry. The five points of Calvinism which carry his name were in fact produced by the Synod of Nort. They do however reflect his idea that God is able to save everyone on whom he has mercy and this does not depend upon their abilities. Calvin suffered such poor health that he was at times actually carried to the pulpit and even preached from his bedroom. Anabaptist was also used as a general term of abuse for those seen as in opposition to the church. Calvin was succeeded by Theodore Beza ( 1519 -1605) After announcing that he was a Protestant in 1559 Beza was made professor of Greek at Lausanne University. He became a leading advisor to the Huguenots in France. His aim was to establish the Reformed faith across Europe, but especially in France. In the Netherlands Luther and his writing were an inspiration to many. As early as 1523 people were being martyred for their adherence to the new faith. Those who accepted adult baptism despite having been baptized as infants were among them. Later it was Calvin’s influence with his doctrine of predestination that would rule. But Spain ruled the Low Countries at that time and the king of Spain was firmly opposed to Protestantism. This lead to a call for independence and 100,000 people were said to have died in the struggle, but eventually in 1584 the northern Netherlands formed a Federation under the rule of William the Silent. This new church however soon split because of the teaching of Arminius (1560 – 1609) professor of theology at Leiden. He said that though God wanted all to be saved he still allowed man to have free will. At first he was condemned for this, but he insisted that his view was a Biblical one and eventually such thoughts became tolerated and in 1795 were officially accepted by the Syndod. This was a big move from Calvin’s predestination of only the elect.. John Huss’s followers supported Luther at first, but most soon switched to Calvinism. In Poland the two sides managed to reach an amicable understanding. There were however internal rumblings, some caused by the ideas of Socinus, who among other things went so far as denying the deity of Christ. An important figure there was Menno Simons, a former Catholic priest and founder of the Mennonites. As a priest he conducted the mass, baptized infants, heard confessions and prayed. What the did not do was read the scriptures as he had been taught, according to Ronald Gordon, that only the Pope could correctly interpret the Bible. He first began to have doubts about papal infallibility with regard to the doctrine of Transubstantiation i.e. the belief that during the mass the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ. This had first become an official doctrine in 1215 and affirmed in the 16th century during the Council of Trent which was convened on several occasions in response to the Protestant Reformation. Menno was one of many who could see with their own eyes that bread remained bread and wine the produce of the grape, though he acknowledged the huge symbolism of these elements. He was influenced by his readings of Luther’s works and came to believe that the Scriptures were more important than any man made laws, even if that man be the pope himself. He could find no evidence for infant baptism in scripture, though others claimed that it was the equivalent of circumcision and meant that the parents would vow to bring up the child in a Christian home. Yet for some time he continued to baptise babies – an example of the confusion that resulted in honest men when radical new ideas were met for the first time. Menno was aware of men dying for their faith, while he continued to practise what he no longer really believed. In 1536 he finally resigned as priest and became an Anabaptist, but had to immediately go into hiding for a year, a time which he used to mediate upon the doctrines involved. Eventually he was asked to become leader of the Anabaptists in the Netherlands. In later years he married and formulated a theology that was in many ways orthodox, but did not include practises that were not scriptural. The modern huge denomination of Baptists began with a single congregation in Amstersdam made up of exiled English people. The Baptist soon split into those ( the Arminians) who believed that Christ died for all , and those ( the Calvinists) who believed in salvation only for the elect. In Germany Anabaptists, led by the Dutchman John of Leyden, forcibly took over the running of the town of Muenster, which they did according to what they felt were Christian principles. The changes were not welcomed and anarchy followed, forcing many to flee to Holland. In England the Reformation took a rather different course. Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his wife Catherine of Aragon in order to marry the younger, and still fertile Anne Boleyn. The Pope refused, but the Archbishop granted the divorce and in 1534 Henry was made supreme head of the Church by an act of Parliament. There were few to oppose him and so the country broke away from the power of the pope. The monasteries held much of the wealth of the Catholic church in the country and so the monks became seen as enemies of the king. He decided to get rid of them – an act now known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries. Wherever there was any sign of corruption such as married monks or pregnant nuns this gave him his excuse. It became a nationwide scourge starting with the small monasteries and eventually moving to the larger ones. A few leading churchmen were executed , but most received pensions – the Abbot of the huge Fountains Abbey in Yorkshire received  £100 a year for life according to Chris Trueman – a huge sum at the time. The only real opposition to this wholesale destruction was the Pilgrimage of Grace led by lawyer Robert Aske in 1536. Henry promised to look into the complaints of the many thousands of pilgrims, but nothing was actually done and Aske was starved to death in chains. In some ways there was little immediate change in the church – most prayers were still in Latin and priests were still not allowed to marry, unlike the Protestant clergy in other lands. These changes took much longer to come about. We can see from all this that the Reformation was no the result of one man’s, or even several men’s actions, but came about because of a number of very different factors. It is also obvious that though various groups were influenced by others, especially by Luther and Calvin, the resulting manifestations of the Reformed church varied considerably, both in their beliefs and practices. Some of these have persisted and other have been modified with time, but either way there has been no going back to many of the practices of medieval Catholicism. Changes were necessary, but need not have resulted in such splintering and diversity if Catholic church had properly addressed the problems within at the time. Some changes were for purely religious reasons, others had political overtones and yet others were as a result of more personal reasons as in the case of Henry VIII. Between them these changes altered forever the religious political, geographical and even linguistic face of Europe. When the church started out in the first century people had to make a deliberate choice to become Christians, often this meant turning their backs on the faith they had been born to, but as time went on had , for some at least, just become an automatic occurrence – your parents were Christian and so you were. With the Reformation once again Faith became something one was no longer born into, but was the result of a personal relationship with God. Bibliography and Works Cited Barraclogh, G. editor The Christian World, New York, Harry N. Abrams Inc. Publishers, 1981 Calvin , J. The Institutes of the Christian Religion published in Latin in1536 and later expanded by him. English, D.et al, editors, The Lion Handbook of Christian Belief, Tring, Hertfordshire, Lion Books, 1988 McNair, P. Seeds of Renewal article in The History of Christianity, Tring, Hertfordshire, Lion Books, 1977 Electronic Sources Calvin, J. Quotations found 24th May 2007 at http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/j/john_calvin.html Gordon, R. Menno Simons found 25th May 2007 at http://www.cob-net.org/text/history_menno.htm Hooker, R. Zwingli, Ulrich found 23rd May 2007 at http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/REFORM/ZWINGLI.HTM Luther, M. Doctor Martin Luther to the Christian Reader, 1545 found 25th May 2007 at http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/wittenberg/luther/luther-reader.txt Luther, M. Quotations found 24t5h May 2007 at http://www.quotationspage.com/search.php3?Search=Author=Martin+LutherC =colesC=lindslyC=poorcC=netC=devilsC=contribpage=2 Martin Luther found 25th May 2007 at http://www.educ.msu.edu/homepages/laurence/reformation/Luther/Luther.htm Puritanism, definition, found 23rd May 2007 at http://www.answers.com/Puritanism Trueman,C. The Reformation found 25th May 2007 at http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/reformation.htm Schaff, P. Luther’s translation of the Bible found 23rd May 2007 at http://www.bible-researcher.com/luther02.html

A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines Essay -- Kestrel Knave Barry Hine

A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines For this assignment, I shall be looking at Barry Hines’ novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’. The story focuses on a day in the life of Billy Casper, a fifteen-year-old schoolboy growing up in an environment lacking in many ways. In this assignment I am to look at examples of deprivation in the various areas of Billy Casper’s life. Barry Hines writes about a young boy growing up in the 1960’s. Despite the fact that the Welfare State had been in place for over twenty years, Hines’ novel sheds much light on the kind of life some children still had to live, in order to survive in societies that should have been well developed. The text writes in extensive detail about how a boy like Billy had to live, and I felt quite sympathetic towards Billy – for him having to endure so much abuse in one day. Considering the Welfare State had been firmly in place for two decades, reading this novel opened my eyes to how some families had to live. Barry Hines was a teacher and he would have had first hand experience of what life was like for some children of the era. Maybe, through such a novel, Hines hoped to raise awareness by outlining the poor standards in which people were living. I shall now therefore like to explore ways in which Billy’s life lacked. Firstly I am going to write about how Billy’s life lacked within the home. I found that Billy was heavily denied of material possessions. For example – quite early on in the text - we learn Billy is deprived of the basic necessities of food. ‘There were a packet of dried peas and a half-bottle of vinegar on the shelves. The bread bin was empty.’ Such extreme circumstances caused Billy to steal; he stole a box of eggs, a choco... ... happening today that’s frightening, that makes me feel that it’s all been a waste of time†¦ Like it’s a waste of time standing here talking to you boys, because you won’t take a blind bit of notice what I’m saying†. Another characteristic Hines uses in order to create an effective novel is the person in which it is written. Hines writes the novel in third person, however he does not write as an omniscient author. I think this is a powerful way to put across the characters, since by this technique not even we, the sympathetic readers, are allowed into Billy’s thoughts, giving the heightened feeling of isolation and loneliness Billy is made to endure. In conclusion, I feel that Billy Hines was successful in conveying the issue of deprivation through the use of the novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’ and therefore brought about the need for change effectively. A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines Essay -- Kestrel Knave Barry Hine A Kestrel for a Knave by Barry Hines For this assignment, I shall be looking at Barry Hines’ novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’. The story focuses on a day in the life of Billy Casper, a fifteen-year-old schoolboy growing up in an environment lacking in many ways. In this assignment I am to look at examples of deprivation in the various areas of Billy Casper’s life. Barry Hines writes about a young boy growing up in the 1960’s. Despite the fact that the Welfare State had been in place for over twenty years, Hines’ novel sheds much light on the kind of life some children still had to live, in order to survive in societies that should have been well developed. The text writes in extensive detail about how a boy like Billy had to live, and I felt quite sympathetic towards Billy – for him having to endure so much abuse in one day. Considering the Welfare State had been firmly in place for two decades, reading this novel opened my eyes to how some families had to live. Barry Hines was a teacher and he would have had first hand experience of what life was like for some children of the era. Maybe, through such a novel, Hines hoped to raise awareness by outlining the poor standards in which people were living. I shall now therefore like to explore ways in which Billy’s life lacked. Firstly I am going to write about how Billy’s life lacked within the home. I found that Billy was heavily denied of material possessions. For example – quite early on in the text - we learn Billy is deprived of the basic necessities of food. ‘There were a packet of dried peas and a half-bottle of vinegar on the shelves. The bread bin was empty.’ Such extreme circumstances caused Billy to steal; he stole a box of eggs, a choco... ... happening today that’s frightening, that makes me feel that it’s all been a waste of time†¦ Like it’s a waste of time standing here talking to you boys, because you won’t take a blind bit of notice what I’m saying†. Another characteristic Hines uses in order to create an effective novel is the person in which it is written. Hines writes the novel in third person, however he does not write as an omniscient author. I think this is a powerful way to put across the characters, since by this technique not even we, the sympathetic readers, are allowed into Billy’s thoughts, giving the heightened feeling of isolation and loneliness Billy is made to endure. In conclusion, I feel that Billy Hines was successful in conveying the issue of deprivation through the use of the novel ‘A Kestrel for a Knave’ and therefore brought about the need for change effectively.

Story “The Movies That Rose From the Grave” Essay

Drumhead In his authorship. The Movies That Rose From the Grave. Max Brooks. explains how films. books. picture games. and telecasting shows about Zombis have continued to be a leader in the horror industry for the past 40 old ages. The narrative of Zombis originated as myths and tall narratives. The first Zombie film. White Zombie. was released in 1932. During this clip period. a Zombie was a living individual that was made to move as a cadaver. With the release of George A. Romero’s film. Night of the Living Dead. in 1968. the impression of a Zombie changed drastically. In this film. Zombis were portrayed as people who had risen from the dead and terrorized society. Zombis destroyed the encephalon of their life victims and lived off of human flesh. Their chief intent was to destruct human society. With the development of computing machine games such as Resident Evil and House of the Dead. more people were fall ining the Zombie fad. More zombie films were created and the followers inc reased. Even today. Zombis have continued to be a ruling force in the film. telecasting. and video game industry. This has many people inquiring why. Max Brooks discusses how current events over the past six old ages have influenced the type of amusement consumers seek. Over the past six old ages tragic events such as terrorist act. war. planetary unwellness. and weather related catastrophes have dominated our lives and the intelligence. To get away from the anxiousness created from existent life menaces. society relies on fictional characters such as Zombis. Peoples can watch films about flesh feeding animals out to destruct the Earth cognizing that it will ne'er happen in existent life. Horror movies cause the spectator to go scared and nervous. Much like worrying about whether a terrorist onslaught is traveling to go on once more at an airdrome or whether your place is traveling to be destroyed by a hurricane. horror movies cause anxiousness. However. this anxiousness is relieved every bit shortly as the film is over. Peoples use fictional events and characters to get away from existent life events and emphasiss. even for merely a short clip. There have been other fictional horror characters such as lamias and monsters. These characters have non continued to rule in a manner that living deads have. It is ill-defined how long the living dead tendency will go on.